Обзор экологической оценки низкоуглеродных технологий очистки воды в Казахстане: методы, проблемы и перспективы
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32523/mf5vt526Ключевые слова:
экологическая оценка, возобновляемая энергия, низкоуглеродные технологии, водоочисткаАннотация
Водный сектор Казахстана сталкивается с нарастающим давлением, обусловленным структурным дефицитом водных ресурсов, изношенностью инфраструктуры, зависимостью от трансграничных вод и высокой углеродоёмкостью традиционных систем водоочистки. В данном обзоре оцениваются подходы экологической оценки, применяемые к технологиям очистки воды, с акцентом на их применимость для низкоуглеродных решений и релевантность для условий Казахстана. В соответствии с методологией PRISMA были отобраны и проанализированы рецензируемые публикации, индексируемые в базах Scopus и Web of Science за период 2005–2025 гг.; в итоговый синтез включены 40 исследований. Оценка жизненного цикла является доминирующей методологической рамкой и широко используется для количественной оценки потенциала глобального потепления, энергоёмкости и компромиссов между различными категориями воздействия. Системы обратного осмоса и современные мембранные технологии часто рассматриваются как относительно низкоуглеродные решения, однако их показатели жизненного цикла в высокой степени зависят от структуры энергоснабжения и требований к перекачке воды, которые формируют основные очаги выбросов. Казахстанские исследования в данной области ограничены и методологически неоднородны, что затрудняет проведение сопоставимых национальных оценок из-за дефицита региональных инвентарных данных жизненного цикла, учёта локального энергобаланса и климатических факторов. Результаты обзора показывают, что одной лишь технической осуществимости недостаточно для достижения низкоуглеродных эффектов. Необходимы стандартизированные и адаптированные к региональному контексту методики оценки, способные выявлять компромиссы, обосновывать выбор технологий и поддерживать формирование государственной политики. Такие подходы являются ключевыми для ускорения перехода Казахстана к устойчивому и низкоуглеродному управлению водными ресурсами.
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- 30.06.2026 (1)
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Copyright (c) 2026 Ахмет Рамазан, Ляйлим Тайжанова, Евгений Муралев, Сымбат Койбакова, Самал Сырлыбеккызы, Yerbol Pangaliyev (Автор)
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